Method for manufacturing IC packages

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a method and an article formed thereby which includes a part which is subjected to heat during fabrication of an IC package, and a fixture for holding such a part, having an arrangement for accommodating the expansion and contraction of the part during heating and cooling while holding the part in alignment. In one embodiment, the expansion and contraction arrangement comprises slots arranged as apices of a triangle in the part which receives pins in the fixture with the major axes of the slots in alignment with the point of minimum expansion and contraction of the part. Utilizing the triangulation principle, the location of the datum hole (or locating criteria), if not at the point of minimum expansion and contraction of the part, can be effectively translated to the center of minimum expansion and contraction.

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 125,450, filed Feb. 28, 1980.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates, in general, to integrated circuit (IC) technology and, in particular, to the method of fabricating packages for IC devices (chips).

More specifically, the invention relates to a method and means for maintaining alignment of components of an IC package when subjected to high temperature during manufacture, such as, when bonding a heat sink to a substrate, or when encapsulating a chip (die) attached to a lead frame with plastic in the manufacture of IC packages.

To explain the invention in the manufacture of IC packages which have heat sinks and substrates, it is conventional to attach a chip, either by wire bonding to conductor leads disposed on a flat substrate of semiconductor material, or to connect the chip directly to such leads on the substrate. The leads conventionally terminate as pads at the edges of the substrate, and in the case of a pin type package, pins are connected to these pads and, in the case of a leadless package, these pads are the terminals themselves. In the latter case, the position of the pads corresponds to the position of the conductors in a mounting socket in which the package is to be mounted for use. A typical example of a leadless package having such terminal pads and a mounting socket is shown in the U.S. Pat. No. 3,946,276 to Braun et al

This patent also shows a heat sink, of copper alloy, or aluminum alloy, attached to the substrate for dissipating heat generated during operation of the device. This heat sink is suitably bonded to the substrate as by soldering and, to do this, the temperature of the partially assembled package is raised above the melting point of the solder. However, since the material of the heat sink has a thermal coefficient of expansion which is substantially different from the substrate material, an excursion in the location of the terminal pads may occur especially if the two items were fixtured about their edges. If this does occur, a good electrical connection of all the terminal pads with their respective conductors in the socket becomes virtually impossible.

Accordingly, it becomes apparent that there is a need to provide a means by which a substrate and a heat sink can be bonded together, allow for the difference in the coefficient of expansion, yet maintain the two pieces aligned during the terminal expansion and contraction that occurs during bonding and other steps in the fabrication of an IC package so that there is minimal displacement of the terminal pads from their desired location in the final package.

Now in the manufacture of plastic encapsulated IC packages, the chip (die) is attached to the conductors of a lead frame either by wires between the die and the conductors or directly between the die and the conductors, or via intermediary lead frame devices, which are known as beam leads. The conductors are arranged for connecting the package to a socket or to a similar conductive pattern on a substrate such as a PC board similar to that described in connection with the heat sink package. The lead frame with the die attached is placed in a transfer mold which has a mold cavity which surrounds the die and a part of the leads in the process of forming the package. Such a package may or may not have a heat sink attached thereto, and with or without a heat sink, the problem of the excursion of the conductors of the lead frame during high temperature encapsulation in a mold needs to be solved.

It should also be pointed out that another problem with the movement of the terminal pads and conductors of a lead frame during the fabrication of an IC package whether a heat sink type or not, lies in the fact that often the location hole (or the datum hole, as it is sometimes called), which receives a pin in the mounting socket to thus locate the package in the mounting socket, is not necessarily in the geometric center of either the mounting socket or the package. Since a relatively flat material such as the substrate and a heat sink, when heated and cooled, expands and contracts all directions from its center, that the fact that the datum hole (point of reference) is not in the center of the heat sink or substrate complicates the matter of compensating for the possible movement of the pads or conductors during the thermal expansion and contraction occurring during heating and cooling of the package.

Therefore, it is a first object of the present invention to provide a method and means for maintaining alignment of the various parts of an IC package during the heating and cooling steps in the process of fabrication; such method and means to have universal application whether the package of the heat sink type, pin type or leadless, and whether the package is plastic encapsulated with or without a heat sink.

Thus, still another object of this invention is to provide method and means by which the geometric center of parts of an IC package can be located for purposes of fabrication during heating and cooling steps notwithstanding the fact that the datum hole or locating criteria may not be in the geometric center of the parts.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention which meets the foregoing objects comprises providing a method and an article which includes means both in the part which is subjected to heat during fabrication of an IC package and in the fixture for holding such a part, for accommodating the expansion and contraction of the part during heating and cooling while holding the part in alignment. In one embodiment, the expansion and contraction accommodating means comprises slots arranged as apices of a triangle in the part which receive pins in the fixture with the major axes of the slots in alignment with the point of minimum expansion and contraction of the part.

Utilizing the triangulation principle, the location of the datum hole (or locating criteria), if not at the point of minimum expansion and contraction of the part, can be effectively translated to the center of minimum expansion and contraction.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a fixture, heat sink and substrate incorporating this invention,

FIG. 2 is a plan view of the heat sink in place on the fixture of FIG. 1,

FIG. 3 is also a plan view, like FIG. 2, but showing the substrate in place on the heat sink and fixture,

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 4--4 or FIG. 3, together with a second part of the fixture in the form of a pressure pad and showing the relationship of the substrate, heat sink and fixture at ambient temperature,

FIG. 5 is like FIG. 4 but showing the expansion and contraction of the parts at high temperature,

FIG. 6 illustrates the invention incorporated in a lead frame and a mold with the lead frame in place to form a plastic encapsulated package,

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 7--7 of FIG. 6 with the mold open and at ambient temperature,

FIG. 8 illustrates the lead frame in the mold at high temperature,

FIG. 9 illustrates a lead frame utilizing different mold pins and slots, as an optional part of this invention,

FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate a portion of a lead frame utilizing alternative embodiments of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Turning now to FIGS. 1-5 of the drawings, there is shown a portion of an IC package 10 comprising a heat sink 12, a substrate 14 which is to be bonded to the heat sink and a portion of a fixture 16. The substrate 14 has the conductors and pads on the side of the substrate not shown in FIG. 1 for connecting the heat sink to a connector (socket). The position of the pads, as is explained above, is critical to the operation of the completed package.

During the manufacture of the package 10, the heat sink 12 is bonded to the substrate 14 by a heating process such as by reflow soldering the bottom side 18 of the substrate to the top side 20 of the heat sink and to do this both the heat sink and the substrate are placed on the fixture 16 and placed in a heat source (furnace).

To solve the expansion and contraction excursion of the two materials and to maintain their alignment relative to one another is one of the purposes of this invention and is particularly important if the locating criteria for the package and the socket is not in the center of minimum expansion and contraction, i.e., the geometric center of the heat sink and substrate. Thus, in FIGS. 1 and 2, it is to be noted that the datum hole 22 (locating criteria) for the heat sink is located off center, that is, to the left of the geometric center 24 of the heat sink; the point of minimum expansion and contraction thereof. To therefore effectively translate the locating criteria to the point of minimum expansion and contraction so that excursions in movement during heating are minimized, the heat sink is provided with three slots 26, 28 and 29 whose main axis center lines converge on, i.e., intersect, the point of minimum expansion and contraction. In this embodiment, the three slots form a triangle with two of the slots 26 and 29 forming the base line which is also in alignment with the datum hole 22. The third slot 28 forms the apex of the triangle. Were the datum hole not in alignment with the center 24, the base line slots, while still forming a triangle, would not have their main center line through the datum hole but would align with the center of minimum expansion and contraction. Similarly, the substrate is formed with blind slots or indentations 26a, and 28a and 29a which conform and will overly the slots in the heat sink. The substrate slots are blind, that is, they do not pierce the top surface of the substrate, to avoid damage to the conductors already metallized on the top surface. To hold the heat sink and the substrate in alignment, the fixture 16 is provided with three pins 26b, 28b and 29b aligned to receive the slots in the heat sink and the blind slots in the substrate. Each of these three pins are provided with a base portion 30 which is wider than a top portion 32. The wider base portion 30 is selected to be wide enough to engage the edges of the slots in the heat sink and yet to allow movement to and away from the center of the heat sink, i.e., the major axis of the slots and thus maintain alignment. The smaller or reduced portions 32 of the pins engage the smaller blind slots in the substrate for this same reason. This is shown in FIGS. 3, 4 and 5.

Turning now specifically to FIGS. 2-5, it can be seen in FIG. 2 that the heat sink 12 is placed on the fixture 16 and thereafter the substrate 14 is placed on top of the heat sink 12 (FIGS. 3-5). FIGS. 3 and 4 show the pins 26b-29b and their relationship with the slots 26-29 and 26a-29a. FIG. 4 also shows a pressurizing means 36 which will be placed on the top of the substrate to the heat sink. In addition, a comparison of FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 also shows the movement of the heat sink and substrate and the function of their respective slots together with the movement of the pins during the heating operation in the manufacture of the IC package. It is to be noted that the pins of the fixture cooperating with the slots allow for the expansion and contraction of all of the pieces, including the fixture, i.e., the pins do not touch the end walls of the apertures nearest the center of minimum expansion and contraction, yet alignment is maintained between all of the pieces both in the expansion and in the contraction during the heating and cooling step in the process.

Turning now to FIGS. 6-9, which relate to a plastic encapsulated version of an IC package incorporating this invention, there is shown a lead frame 40 typically of a relatively thin metal and in this version substantially square in configuration. The lead frame 40 is provided with a plurality of conductors 42 (only a few of which are shown) and is open in the middle as at 44 to receive a die 46 which is connected to the conductors by wires 48. These conductors 42 fan out to provide leads 50 for connecting into a suitable socket or PC board.

After the die 46 is attached to the conductors, the lead frame 40 and die are set into a mold 52 having a mold cavity 54 into which an encapsulating plastic 56 is transferred, the mold being shown open after encapsulation in FIG. 7 and closed in FIG. 8.

Again, it can be appreciated that since the encapsulation is a high temperature step in the process of making the IC package, the lead frame 40, being metal, is subject to expansion and contraction different than the expansion and contraction of the mold which may be made of another metal. If means are not provided to effect alignment at the centroid of the mold and lead frame, what will result is a molded package whose leads do not locate properly with respect to the package itself. Thus, the problem of maintaining alignment and allowing for such expansion and contraction is solved by this invention.

In FIG. 6, it can be seen that the lead frame 40 is provided with a plurality of slots, the major axes of which intersect the point of minimum expansion and contraction. Since the point of reference may be elsewhere than the center 56 of the lead frame and since the die 46 is in the center of the lead frame, it can be appreciated that it is necessary to incorporate a means for accommodating expansion and contraction and again this is accomplished in the manner similar to that described in the foregoing embodiment. In the embodiment, however, there are two groups of slots, four in line with the major axes of the conductors 50, and four slots 66-72 at 45° to the major axes of the conductors 50 to allow adaptation to different molds with differently located matching pins, but whichever of the groups of slots is selected only three matching pins are used such as for example, the three pins 74, 76 and 78 in slots 58, 62 and 64, respectively, to incorporate the triangulation concept. These pins function in the selected slots in the same manner as described in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-5. It is noted that FIG. 7 shows the completion of the encapsulation step and the relationship of the pins to the slots while FIG. 7 illustrates the mold in its heated stage and the position of the slots during the expansion of the lead frame.

FIG. 9 illustrates the alternative selection of the slots 66 and 68 (only two of these being shown) but their function is exactly the same as described above.

FIGS. 10 and 11 show alternative embodiments to the invention where the apertures in the lead frame are circular as at 80 rather than oblong slots and diamond shaped pins 82 are formed in the mold with the pins major axis transverse the direction of expansion and contraction. The minor axis allows for expansion and contraction in this direction.

FIG. 11 is similar to FIG. 10 except that in lieu of a diamond shaped pin, a oblong pin 84, whose major axis is transverse the direction of expansion and contraction, is used. The operation of the circular apertures and pins is the same as that described in connection with the preceding figures and these embodiments of the invention may be utilized in lieu of the slots and pins described in connection with the preceding embodiments, if desired. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of bonding together first and second pieces of material having respective planar surfaces and having different coefficients of thermal expansion by a heating process comprising the steps of:forming oblong holes about the center of minimum thermal expansion in the planar surface of said first piece having longitudinal axial lines that intersect said center; forming oblong holes about the center of minimum thermal expansion in the planar surface of said second piece aligned with said oblong holes in said first piece; forming an assembly with the planar surface of said first piece facing the planar surface of said second piece and a bonding material therebetween, and with said oblong holes of both pieces being held in alignment with each other by pins of a fixture that pass through said holes; and heating said assembly to bond said first and second pieces together via said bonding material, said pins sliding in said oblong holes along said axial lines to accommodate a sliding movement that occurs between said planar surfaces in a direction parallel to said planar surfaces during said heating step due to said different coefficients of thermal expansion.
 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein at least three of said oblong holes are formed in said first piece, and at least three of said oblong holes are formed in said second piece.
 3. A method according to claim 1 wherein said oblong holes are arranged in a triangular fashion about the respective centers of said pieces.
 4. A method according to claim 1 wherein said first piece of material is a heat sink for an integrated circuit package, and said second piece of material is a substrate for said package.
 5. A method according to claim 1 wherein said bonding material is solder.
 6. For use in a bonding operation, a method of maintaining the alignment of a planar-shaped part as said part is heated and thermally expands, said method including the steps of:forming oblong-shaped slots in said part arranged about the center of minimum thermal expansion in the plane of said part, each of said slots having a center line an extension of which intersects said center and having end walls intersecting said center line, providing a fixture having pins arranged perpendicular to said plane which fit into said slots; placing said part on said fixture with said pins in said slots; and heating and thermally expanding said part; the relationship of the slots and pins being such that said pins move along said center lines without engaging the end walls of said slots when said part thermally expands in response to said heating step.
 7. A method according to claim 6 wherein at least three of said slots are formed in said part.
 8. A method according to claim 6 wherein said slots are arranged in a triangular fashion about said center.
 9. A method according to claim 6 and further including the steps of:forming an assembly wherein the planar surface of said part faces the planar surface of another piece of material and a bonding material lies therebetween; and heating said assembly to bond said two planar surfaces together.
 10. A method according to claim 6 wherein said part is a heat sink for an integrated circuit package. 